Kuyambitsa kwaukadaulo wa CMOS
2024-07-09 6592

Chisinthiko cha zamagetsi zamagetsi chimapangidwa ndi chitukuko cha zitsulo zowonjezera-oxide-semiconductor (cmos) ukadaulo.Mwadzidzidzi poyankha kufunika kwa ntchito yothamanga mwachangu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za CMOS HMOSTORY WOSANGALALA NDIPONSO KUGWIRA NTCHITO YABWINO KWAMBIRI NDI NTHAWI YOSAVUTA KUGWIRA NTCHITO MPHAMVU NDI MALO OGULITSIRA.Mosiyana ndi Transction Transistar (BJT) zida zam'madzi, zomwe zimadalira mayendedwe pano, zida za CMOS zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendetsedwa bwino zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chipata chichepetse bwino.Tekinolojeyi idayamba kupezeka koyamba m'magetsi amagetsi mu 1970s, monga mu magetsi amagetsi, koma inali yophatikiza kwambiri (vlsi) m'ma 1980s omwe ali mwala wamakono mu magetsi amakono.Era idawona ukadaulo wa CMOS adalimbikitsa kudalirika, phokoso laphokoso, ndikugwiritsira ntchito kutentha kwa kutentha ndi magetsi osiyanasiyana pakusintha njira yopanga mawonekedwe onse.Izi sizongowonjezera tratsistor kuchokera ku zikwi zikwi kwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri pachipwirikira vlsi, osakanizamagwiridwe otsika mafuta.

Kataloji

Kumvetsetsa za ukadaulo wa CMOS

Kukula kwa zitsulo zowonjezera-oxide-semicockic (ma cmos) ukadaulo wakhala gawo lalikulu popititsa patsogolo kapangidwe ka digile.Zinatulukira makamaka chifukwa chosowa pokonzanso mwachangu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa mphamvu.Mosiyana ndi Trapror Transistar (BJT) zida za BJT, zomwe zimatengera kuyenda kwaposachedwa, masentimita amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi olamulidwa.Kusiyana kwakukulu kumathandizira kuchepetsa zomwe zili pachipata, kudula kuchepa mphamvu kwambiri.Mu 1970s, ma cmos ankagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'magetsi amagetsi, monga mawotchi amagetsi.

Malo omwe adasintha mu 1980s ndi kuphatikiza kwakukulu-kwakukulu (vlsi) ukadaulo (vlsi), omwe amatengera kwambiri ma CMO pazifukwa zingapo.Cmos amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa, amapereka phokoso labwino, ndipo amachita bwino kuwomboledwa kwina komanso magetsi.Zimakhalanso zosavuta kupangika komwe kumawonjezera kudalirika komanso kusinthasintha.Izi zimalola kuwonjezeka kwakukulu pakuphatikizidwa kwa tchipisi ophatikizira a CMOS, kuchoka ku zikwizikwi mpaka mamiliyoni a transistars pa chip.

Masiku ano, ma CMO ndi othandiza kuzovala zazikuluzikulu za VLSI, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti matekiki okalamba azolowerero ngati injiniNtchito zake zofala kwambiri za CMOS zimayambitsa kusintha kwa makompyuta pamagetsi amakono, ndikupangitsa kuti apite-technology kuti zonse kuyambira pazambiri zatsiku ndi tsiku kuti zikhale zapamwamba.

Chithunzi 1: Gwiritsani ntchito magetsi

Malangizo a CMOS

Mfundo yowonjezera yazitsulo yowonjezera-oxide-semiconductor (mitundu ya CMOS) imagwiritsa ntchito ma t-t-t-mtundu wa p-p-p-pChizindikiro chimodzi chogwirizira chimawongolera kusintha kwa transtoors awa, kutembenuza limodzi ndikutembenuza enawo.Kapangidwe kameneka kamathetsa kufunika kwa zosemphana ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu matekinoloji ena, kusinthitsa kapangidwe kake ndikusintha mphamvu mphamvu.

Mu makonzedwe a CMOS, nIzi zimalowetsa katundu woletsa zigawo zakale za NMOS, zomwe sizinali bwino kusinthitsa magetsi komanso okonda kutaya mphamvu.Mofananamo, mtundu wa p-Masfts amapanga netiweki yokoka yomwe imalumikiza kutulutsa kwamphamvu kwa magetsi (VDD).Makonzedwe apawiri awa amaonetsetsa kuti zotuluka zimayendetsedwa modekha komanso moloza ziwonetsero zilizonse zopatsidwa.

Chipata cha chizindikiro cha P-TyFet chikayambitsidwa, chimasinthira pomwe ma morft olingana ofananira ndi mosemphanitsa.Izi sizimangokhala zosavuta kungopanga zomangamanga komanso zimawonjezera kudalirika kwa ntchito ndi magwiridwe antchito.Technology ukadaulo wa CMOS ndi wopindulitsa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe amafunikira magetsi odalirika komanso oyenera.

Chithunzi 2: Kuyambitsa CMOS Tech

Olowetsa

Wolowetsa ndi chinthu chachikulu mu kapangidwe kadera mu kapangidwe ka digiri ya digito ya digito ya digiri ya diginal komanso zosintha.Ntchito yayikulu ndikusintha chizindikiro chogwiritsira ntchito mkati mwamitundu ya binary.M'mawu osavuta, a '0' amawoneka otsika kapena zero mavolts, ndipo a '1' ndi okwera kapena velts.Mutumbo akalandira mavoti a 0 Volts, imatulutsa v vots, ndipo ikalandira v volts, imatulutsa 0 Volts.

Gome loona limawonetsa ntchito ya infivar polemba mndandanda wonse zomwe zingatheke komanso zonena zawo zofananira.Gome ili likuwonetsa momveka bwino kuti kuyika kwa '0' kumatulutsa kutulutsa kwa '1', ndi zotsatira za '1' zotsatira za zotulutsa za '0'.Njira yogwiritsira iyi imafunikira zisankho zomveka bwino ndi kusintha kwa deta mu kugwiritsa ntchito ma cofting ndi digito.

Kugwira ntchito kwa olowetsa kumafunikira pazinthu zovuta za digito.Zimathandizira kuwonongeka kosalala kwa ntchito zapamwamba komanso kumathandizira kusamalira mayendedwe mkati mwa madera.

Gome 1: Gome Loona

Mutu wa CMOS

Mutu wa CMOS ndi chitsanzo cha luso la ntchito zamagetsi, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi kapangidwe kake ndi NMO ndi PMOS Transtor yolumikizidwa pamitu.Zipata zawo zimamangirizidwa limodzi monga zolowetsa, ndipo zotumphuka zawo zimalumikizidwa kuti zizipanga zotulutsa.Dongosolo ili limachepetsa mphamvu yamphamvu, kukonza madera kuti athandize mphamvu.

Chizindikiro cholowa chikakwera (cholowa '1'), Tratsistar ya NMOS imatembenuka, ikugwira ntchito pano ndikukoka zotulukazo (zojambulazo ').Nthawi yomweyo, injini ya Pmos imachoka, ndikuyika katunduyo kuchokera pazomwe zidatulutsa.Komanso, polowetsedwayo ikakhala yotsika (logic '0'), tratsistor ya NMOS imachoka, ndipo tratsistar ya pamos imatembenuka, ndikuyendetsa zotulukapo (logic '1').

Kuphatikiza uku pakati pa NMO ndi PMOS kumalola kuti olowetsa akhalebe osinthika ngakhale atayika voltage v ariat.Pakuwonetsetsa kuti tratsistor imodzi imayenda nthawi zonse ina ilipo, gulu la cmos limateteza mphamvu ndikulepheretsa njira yamagetsi kuchokera ku mphamvu yamphamvu pansi.Zithandiza kupewa kukhetsa kosafunikira.Kukhazikitsa kwa ma tracestor awa kumatanthauzira gawo lalikulu la CMOS omwe ali ndi gawo lalikulu la zigawenga, ndikupereka zipolopolo zodalirika zokhala ndi mphamvu zochepa komanso kukhulupirika kwa chizindikiro.

Chithunzi 3: Zipata za CMOS

Mutu wa NMOS

Mutherist ya NMOS imamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kukhazikitsa koyenera komanso koyenera.Mu kakonzedwe kameneka, chipata chimagwira monga cholowa, kukhetsa monga kutulutsa, ndipo zonsezi ndi gwero ndi gawo lapansi zili pansi.Pakati pa makonzedwe awa ndi modnnel-njira ya modnnel.Mphamvu yabwino imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhetsa kudzera mwa katundu wotsutsana kuti akhazikitse chidwi choyenera.

Kuyankha kwa chipata kukhazikika, kuyimira mfundo '0', palibe m'manja mwamphamvu pa chipata.Kuperewera kwa voliyumu kumeneku kumalepheretsa njira yochititsa chidwi kuti ipange kupanga mu Mostet, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yokhazikika yolimbana ndi kukana kwakukulu.Zotsatira zake, kumatuluka kwamakono kuchokera ku kukhetsa kwa gwero la zotulutsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magetsi azitulutsa pafupi ndi + v, zomwe zimafanana ndi mfundo '1'.Mphamvu yabwino ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pachipata, imakopa ma elekitoni ku chipata cha Oxtation Oxade, ndikupanga njira ya n-lembani.Njira iyi imachepetsa kukana pakati pa gwero ndi kukhetsa, kulola kuti pasungunuke ndikugwetsa magetsi okwanira pafupifupi gawo la pansi, kapena logic '0'.

Opaleshoni iyi ikuwonetsa muther wa NMOS ngati chipangizo chogwiritsira ntchito chothandiza, chothandiza posintha ntchito.Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti zokhazikitsa izi zimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri mukakhala 'pa boma.Magetsi ochulukirapo amabwera kuchokera kumayendedwe akumagetsi kuchokera ku magetsi kupita pansi pomwe Transtor ikayamba kugwira ntchito, ndikuwunikira malonda ogwirira ntchito mu mapangidwe a NMOS omwe ali mu kapangidwe ka NMOS.

Mutu wa PMOS

Chithunzi 4: CMOS ICICS Basics

Mutu wa PMOS umapangidwa chimodzimodzi ndi mmos inverter koma ndi kulumikizana kwamagetsi.Mu kukhazikitsa uku, injini ya Pmos imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi voliyumu yabwino yoyendetsedwa ndi gawo lonselo, pomwe katundu wogwirizana amalumikizidwa ndi nthaka.

Magetsi olowetsa ali okwera pa + v (logic '1'), magetsi osungirako chipatacho amakhala zero, kutembenuza transistor '.Izi zimapangitsa njira yolimba kwambiri pakati pa gwero ndi kukhetsa, kusunga magetsi otsika mtengo pa coge '0'.

Mukalowetsa pa 0 volts (logic '0'), magetsi a chipata-kupakiridwa ndi osavomerezeka ndi gwero.Magetsi olakwika awa amalipiritsa pachipata, kutenthetsa semiconductor pamwamba kuchokera ku n-mtundu wa p-mtundu, ndikupanga njira yochititsa chidwi.Njira iyi imachepetsa kukana pakati pa gwero ndi kukhetsa, kulola pano kutuluka momasuka kuchokera ku makoswe.Zotsatira zake, magetsi otulutsa amadzuka pafupi kwambiri ndi magetsi operekera magetsi + v, zogwirizana ndi mfundo '1'.

Mwanjira imeneyi, injini ya Pmos imagwira ntchito ngati chida chokoka, chomwe chimapereka njira yotsika yolumikizira magetsi okwanira.Izi zimapangitsa kuti chitsepala cha PMOS chimayambitsa chinthu choyambirira popanga chigonja chokhazikika komanso chodalirika.Zimatsimikizira kuti zotuluka zimayendetsedwa mwamphamvu kwambiri pomwe zimafunikira.

Gawo la ma cmos

Chithunzi 5: Mtanda wa Cros wa CMOS

Chip cha CMOS chimaphatikiza ma tres omasulira a NMO ndi PMOS pampando umodzi wa silicon, kupanga chingwe cholumikizira komanso moyenera.Kuonera gawo la makhazikikidwewa kumawonetsa malo abwino a transtophers awa, akukonzanso magwiridwe antchito ndikuchepetsa kusokonekera kwamagetsi.

Tratsistor imaphatikizidwa mu gawo la lemba la n-mtundu, pomwe Istas Istar imayikidwa m'malo ophatikizidwa ndi p-chabwino.Dongosolo ili limawonetsetsa kuti trastar aliyense imagwira ntchito moyenera.Machitidwe a P-Wells monga malo opaleshoni ya NMOS ndikupanga njira zamagetsi za NMO ndi PMOS, kupewa kusokoneza.Kudzipatula kumeneku ndikothandiza kusunga umphumphu ndi zikwangwani za CMOS.

Kusintha kumeneku kumalola chip kuti chisinthidwe pakati pa mfundo zapamwamba komanso zotsika.Powonjezera mitundu yonse ya otumiza mu gawo limodzi, mapangidwe a CMOS amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi awo zamagetsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ntchito zokhazikika komanso zoyenera.Kuphatikiza uku kumachepetsa kukula ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito amalema amagetsi, kuwonetsa ntchito zapamwamba zam'mbuyo kumbuyo kwa ma CMOS.

Kusungunulira kwa mphamvu ya infper wa cmos

Gawo lofunikira laukadaulo wa CMOS ndikugwira ntchito kwake pakusungunuka kwamphamvu, makamaka muzokhazikika kapena isle.Akakhala otopa, gulu la CMOS limakoka mphamvu zochepa kuyambira "Off" omwe atulukapo amatulutsa ma sakarikali ochepa.Kugwira ntchito kumeneku ndikothandiza kusunga zinyalala ndi kufalitsa moyo wa batri wa zida zonyamula.

Chithunzi 6: CMOS sexors- za makamera ogulitsa

Pa ntchito yamphamvu, pomwe wolowetsa amasinthana, kuchepa kwamphamvu kwakanthawi kumawonjezeka kwakanthawi.Spike iyi imachitika chifukwa kwakanthawi, onse a NMO ndi PMO ndi PMOS ali pachibwenzi, ndikupanga njira yachidule yachidule yochokera ku magetsi kuchokera pansi.Ngakhale kuwonjezeka kwapadera kumeneku, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zambiri za cmos kumakhalabe kotsika kwambiri kuposa momwe matekinoloje achikulire amakonda monga tratsistor-tratsictor-condic (TTL).

Izi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito movutikira mphamvu zochepetsetsa mosiyanasiyana zimapangitsa mphamvu ya mabwalo a CMOS.Kupanga kukhala koyenera kugwiritsira ntchito komwe kupezeka kwamphamvu kuli kochepa, monga zida zam'manja ndi batire zina za batire.

Kutulutsa kocheperako kokhazikika kwa mabatani a CMOS kumatulutsa kutentha kochepa komwe kumachepetsa kupsinjika kwa matenthedwe pazigawo za chipangizo.Mbadwo wochepetsetsa uku amatha kupitirira zida zamagetsi zamagetsi, ndikupanga ukadaulo wa CMOS chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga njira zamagetsi komanso mtengo.

DC Votivu yosamutsa ya DC yomwe imadziwika ndi gulu la CMOS

Chithunzi 7: Thandirani mabwalo amphamvu ndi luso

DC Votivu yosamutsa ya DC (VTC) ya msewu wa CMOS ndiye chida choyamba kumvetsetsa.Zikuwonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa zotulutsa ndi magetsi otulutsa mu static (osasintha)

Munjira yopangidwa bwino ya cmos, komwe nmos ndi ma trespors a PMOS ndioyenera, vtc ndizothandiza.Ndizofanana komanso zimakhala ndi kusinthika kwakuthwa pakati pa magetsi okwera komanso otsika panjira inayake.Gawo ili ndilo pomwe osinthika kuchokera pagulu limodzi kupita ku lina, kusintha kuchokera ku logic '1' kwa '0' ndi mosemphanitsa.

Kulondola kwa Vtc ndikothandiza kudziwa magetsi ogwiritsira ntchito mabwalo a zigawo za digito.Ikudziwitsa zenizeni zomwe zotuluka zidzasinthiratu, kuonetsetsa kuti mfundo zomveka ndizomveka bwino komanso zosasintha, ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha zolakwika chifukwa cha magetsi chifukwa cha magetsi v ariat.

Ubwino wa CMOS Technology

Technology ya CMOS imapereka kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa.Kupangitsa kukhala kothandiza pakugwiritsa ntchito zamagetsi, makamaka pazida zoyendetsedwa battery, monga momwe amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu pokhapokha ngati mungasinthe.

Mapangidwe a mabwalo a CMOS amasavuta kuchitapo kanthu, kulola kuti kagwiritsidwe kake, kachulukitsidwe kambiri kazinthu zomveka pa chip.Izi zimafunikira kukulitsa microproicents ndi tchipisi tamory, kukonza magwiridwe antchito popanda kukulitsa kukula kwa siyicon.Ubwino wa kachulukidwe uku umalola kukonzanso mphamvu zambiri pa malo a unit, kulimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kwa maphunziro amitundu ndi kuphatikizika kwa dongosolo.

Chitetezo cha masentimita a CMOS chimachepetsa kulowerera, kuonetsetsa zokhazikika komanso zodalirika zamakina a CMOS-magetsi amagetsi.Kuphatikiza kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa, kuchepetsedwa kuvuta, komanso chitetezo chaphokoso chimatsimikizira CMO ngati ukadaulo wamagetsi m'magetsi.Imathandizira mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana, kuchokera pamadera osavuta ku zomangamanga zama digito.

Chithunzi 8: Chithunzi cha CMOS

Kubwezeretsa kwaukadaulo wa CMOS

Technology ya CMOS ndi mwala wapadera wamapangidwe adera la digito, pogwiritsa ntchito ma NMO ndi PMOS pa Chip.Njira yofikira kwambiri iyi imathandizira kusintha kudzera pakusintha kokwanira ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, zomwe ndizopindulitsa m'masiku ano opindulitsa amphamvu.

Mphamvu ya mabwalo a CMOS imachokera ku zofuna zawo zotsika komanso chitetezo chabwino kwambiri.Makhalidwe awa ndi othandiza kuti apange chigawo chodalirika komanso cholumikizira digito.Tekinoloje ya CMOS imatsutsanso magetsi osokoneza bongo, kukonza bata ndi magwiridwe antchito amagetsi.

Makina ocheperako a CMOS amagwiritsa ntchito mokhulupirika komanso ntchito yodalirika imapangitsa kuti chisankho chomwe chasamudwi ndi zomwe amakonda.Kuchokera pamagetsi amagetsi ku magwiridwe antchito omaliza, ma cMOS Tengwelogical asinthira ndikugwiritsa ntchito nthawi ikupitilizabe kupanga mafakitale amagetsi.Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri kumawunikiranso kufunika kwake popititsa patsogolo ukadaulo wa digito.

Mapeto

Tekinoloje ya CMOS imayimira paragoni yatsopano m'munda wa kapangidwe ka digiri ya digiri ya digiri ya digiri ya digiri ya digiri kuchokera ku zida zoyambira kusiyanasiyana.Kukhazikitsa kwa maulendo awiri a NMO ndi PMO pa chip imodzi chololedwa kusinthitsa, mphamvu yochepa mphamvu, komanso chitetezo chokwanira cha phokoso, kupanga zigawo zothandizirana ndi madera ophatikizika.Kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu popanda kudzipereka kwatsimikizira m'nthawi ya batire yonyamula katundu.Kulimba kwaukadaulo wa CMOS pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso zachilengedwe kwawononga ntchito zake m'magulu ambiri.Pamene ikupitilira kusinthika, ukadaulo wa CMOS ungathandize kupanga mawonekedwe amtsogolo apangidwe pakompyuta.Imatsikiratu kuti ikhale patsogolo paukadaulo ndikupitilizabe kuyesetsa kuwonjezera kwa mphamvu zolimbitsa thupi ndi zida zamagetsi.

Nthawi zambiri mafunso [FAQ]

1. Kodi ma cmos amagwira ntchito bwanji pamagetsi a digitani?

Zitsulo zowonjezera-oxide-semiconductor (ma cmos) ntchito mu magetsi pamagetsi a digita, makamaka chifukwa imawongolera bwino mayendedwe a zida.Pochita izi, dera la CMOS limaphatikizanso mitundu iwiri ya otumiza: NMO ndi PMO.Izi zakonzedwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti imodzi yokha mwa otumiza panthawi yake, yomwe imachepetsa kwambiri mphamvu yomwe ikuchitika.

Gawo la CMOS likugwira ntchito, tchuthi chimodzi chikuchitika pakadali pano pomwe enawo amalola kuti ichoke.Mwachitsanzo, ngati chizindikiro cha digito cha '1' (magetsi apamwamba) amalowetsa munyumba ya CMOS, ma emuspor a NMOS amatembenuka (ma pmos), ndi voliya yotsika kapena '0pa zotulutsa.Mofananamo, kuyika kwa '0' kumayambitsa ma pimu ndi kumangika NMO, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale bwino.Kusinthaku kuwonetsetsereka mphamvu zochepa kumawononga, kupanga zikwangwani za zida ngati mafoni ndi makompyuta omwe makompyuta amafunikira.

2. Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa Modft ndi ma cmos?

Mo Mostet (Zitsulo-Semianductoc-Semiconductor Burge-Earmistor) ndi mtundu wa tratsistor omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito posintha magetsi.CMO, kumbali inayo, amatanthauza ukadaulo womwe umagwiritsa ntchito mitundu iwiri ya mosfts (NMOs ndi PMO) kuti apange madera ogizira digito.

Kusiyanitsa koyamba kuli pogwiritsa ntchito kwawo.Msft imodzi imatha kugwira ntchito ngati kusintha kapena kukulitsa zizindikiro, zomwe zimafunikira mphamvu mosalekeza komanso kuthetseratu kutentha kwambiri.CMO, pophatikiza onse a NMO ndi PMOS, amasintha pakati pa wina kapena wina, kuchepetsa mphamvu ndi kutentha komwe kumapangidwa.Izi zimapangitsa zigawo zabwino kwambiri pazida zamagetsi zamakono zomwe zimafunikira luso komanso kuphatikiza.

3. Chimachitika ndi chiani ngati mungamveke bwino?

Kuyeretsa ma cmos pakompyuta kumabwezeretsanso ma bios (polowetsedwa kapena dongosolo) kusintha kwa zosintha zawo.Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika ku zovuta zovuta za hantare kapena boot zomwe zitha kukhala chifukwa cholakwika kapena chowonongeka.

Kuti muchepetse ma CMO, mumafupikitsa zikhomo zina mwa makebodi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito jumper, kapena chotsani batri ya CMOS kwa mphindi zochepa.Kuchita izi kumapereka kukumbukira kosasunthika mu bios, kumachepetsa makonzedwe aliwonse monga boot boot, nthawi ya dongosolo, ndi makonda a hardware.Atayeretsa ma cmos, mungafunike kukhazikitsanso makonda a BIOS malinga ndi zosowa zanu kapena luso lanu la Hardware.

4. Kodi chidzachitike ndi chiyani?

Ngakhale ukadaulo wa CMOS akadali ponseponse, kafukufuku wopitilira akuyenera kukhala ndi zina zomwe zingakhale zothandiza kwambiri, liwiro, ndi kuphatikiza monga masikelo a technology mpaka.

Graphene tragrestor ikufufuzidwa chifukwa cha zinthu zawo zapadera, monga magetsi apamwamba kuposa silicon, yomwe imatha kuyambitsa kuthamanga mwachangu.

Imagwiritsa ntchito ma bilogalamu ochulukirapo omwe amatha kukhalapo m'maboma angapo nthawi imodzi, kupereka liwiro lowonjezera kumawonjezeka.

Spintronics: Amagwiritsa ntchito spincrons, osati mlandu wawo, kuti azikhala ndi deta, yomwe mwina imachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi mphamvu zochulukirapo.

Ngakhale matekinoloki awa awa akulonjeza, kusintha kuchokera ku cmos ku muyezo watsopano m'magawo a digitani adzafunika kuthana ndi zovuta zaukadaulo.Monga pano, ma cmos amakhalabe ndi ukadaulo wothandiza kwambiri komanso wa digito wa digito chifukwa cha kudalirika kwake komanso mphamvu yake.