Chithunzi 1: mtundu wa generic (gal) chipangizo
Generic array kisic (Gal) ndi chipangizo chotsimikizika chotsatira potengera mfundo za procram.Gals amagwiritsa ntchito ma cmos a ma cmos (eecmos), kusintha komwe kukuthandizani pulogalamu ndi kusinthasinthasintha.Izi zimapangitsa kuti gululi limasintha m'magetsi.
Zipangizozi zimapangitsa kuti macro afotokozedwe a Macro (olmc).Chigawo ichi chimawonjezera kusinthasintha & kumasuka pokhazikitsa zipata.Zimapereka kusinthika kwakukulu kuposa zida za PL, chifukwa kusintha kwa masitepe mwachangu kumathandizira pakupanga zinthu zowonjezera & enhance.
Tekinoloji ya EECMOS ku Gals imathandizira kuti chilengedwe lizikhala ndi chilengedwe polola zida zothetsera zamagetsi kuti zitheke komanso kuchepetsa, kuchepetsa zinyalala zamagetsi.Kuyesedwa kwakukulu kumatsimikizira kuti gals ndi okhazikika & ogwira ntchito, kukumana ndi zosowa zapamwamba za magetsi komanso zokhazikika.
Chithunzi 2: Zoyimira za Gal16v8 chipangizo
Genera array logic (Agal), monga Glos16V8 Model, amawonetsa kusinthasintha ndikusintha zida zamakono zamakono.Kapangidwe ka GLA16V8 kumapangidwa kuti tikwaniritse zofunikira zingapo za digito kudzera mumitundu yake yophatikizika.Chigawo chilichonse chimakhala ndi gawo laudindo mu chipangizocho ndikusinthasintha.
Mapangidwe oyambira - The Fol16V8 ili ndi makina oyengeka ndi zikhomo 2 mpaka 9 osankhidwa ngati madera olowera.Iliyonse mwa zolowa zisanu ndi zitatuzi zimaphatikizidwa ndi cholembera chomwe chimagawidwa pazithunzi ziwiri zokwanira.Kufikira pamtunduwu kumawonjezera kukhulupirika ndi kukhulupirika kwa chizindikiro chake monga kumalowa.Mwa kukhalabe ndi chizindikiro, gulu la Agasalailo limatsimikizira odalirika & molondola pokonzanso zosangalatsa za machitidwe omwe amadalira chizindikiritso cholondola.
Ndi kusintha kwa marray - Gulu la anthu ndi gululi ndi gawo lina lalikulu m'magulu a Akuluakulu.Adapangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito zomveka bwino.Ili ndi zodula zisanu ndi zitatu & zotuluka, aliyense amatulutsa zotuluka ziwiri zokwanira, ndikupanga matrix a 32.Izi zimadya mu gawo lachiwiri la zipata zisanu ndi zitatu - zipata zisanu ndi zitatu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mizere 64.Kapangidwe kameneka kamapangitsa kuti matrix omwe ali ndi malembedwe 2048 omwe angakhalepo ndi zinthu, chilichonse chosinthika kuti chichitidwe mtundu wina.Matrix owonjezera awa amalola kusinthasintha kwa pulogalamuyi kuti akwaniritse ntchito zambiri zothandizira, kuchokera kuntchito zosavuta kugwirizanitsa ma algorithms ovuta.
Kutulutsa Macro United's - Iliyonse mwa macro isanu ndi atatu, yolumikizidwa ndi ziwini 12 mpaka 19, zikuwunikiranso zomwe zingasinthidwe.Mayunitsi awa amatha kupangidwa kuti agwirizane ndi kusintha kulikonse kwa chipangizo cha PAL.Mapulogalamu awa amalola opanga kuti agwirizane ndi zotulutsa zomveka kuti akwaniritse zosowa zenizeni za madera awo.
Kukhazikika kwa nthawi ndi wotchi - Wotchi yodzipatulira yolumikizidwa kudzera pa pini 1 ndiyofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito mabwalo okhazikika.Clock iyi imadyetsa mwachindunji mu d flip-flop-flop-flop yotulutsa mawu aliwonse a Macro.Chifukwa chake, onetsetsani kuti ntchito zonse zimasungidwa ndi kusasinthika.Ngakhale izi zikuwonetsa kuthekera kwa Gul16v8 ya masitepe a synchronous, kusowa kwa madera asynchronous kumatha kuchepetsa ntchito momwe kusintha kwa nthawi ndikofunikira.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malamulo a State - Kutulutsa kwamphamvu kwa madongosolo atatu kumapezeka pa pini 11 ndipo kumapangitsa kuti zinthu zitheke za GRA16v8.IS imalola zotulutsa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziikidwe m'malo ophatikizika a galwo kukhalachiopsezo chosokoneza.Njira yoyang'anirayi ndi yamtengo wapatali m'matumbo a chip zip pomwe zinthu zingapo zimayenera kulumikizana popanda mikangano.
Gulu Lotsogola - Mtima wa Abusiriumu ya Agal ndi njira yake yofunika, kuphatikiza mapulogalamu ndi zipata zokhazikika kapena zipata.Izi zimathandiza opanga kusintha kulumikizana, kuwongolera chipangizochi chothandiza.Kusintha kumeneku kumathandizanso ntchito zingapo zama digito.Kupangitsa kuti zisinthe & kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito zofunikira zosiyanasiyana.
Mphamvu ndi-kapena kapangidwe - Agal amakhala ndi kapangidwe kambiri ndi zipata zingapo zolowera kapena zipata.Kusintha kwa izi ndi zipata kudziwa zovuta zomveka gal imatha kupereka.Opanga amagwiritsa ntchito zilankhulo za Hardl ngati VHDL kapena Verlog kuti akwaniritse dongosolo.Imathandizira chitukuko chamitundu yopanda tanthauzo mkati mwa mawonekedwe obwera.
Pulogalamu yayitali - Pulogalamu yayitali kwambiri, kudzera pa kulumikizana kwamkati pakati pa a ndi ndi kapena kapena zipata, kumalola opanga kuti apatse ntchito.HDLS yothandizira kugwiritsa ntchito njira iyi yosinthira, yomwe imathandizira mwatsatanetsatane ndi zolondola, zoyenera kuzimitsira zigawo zingapo za digito.
Kuphatikiza kwa mfundo - Agal amakono pakukwaniritsa mabwalo ophatikizika, pomwe zotuluka zimatengera mwachindunji pazomwe zimayendera popanda kukumbukira.Izi ndizokongola pakugwiritsa ntchito pokonza mwachangu & mwachindunji ndikuwonetsetsa nthawi yoyankha mwachangu & ntchito yodalirika mu ntchito yeniyeni.
Kuthekera kwa dongosolo - Gasts amathandizira pulogalamu ya pulogalamuyi, kulola zosintha ndi zosintha mwachindunji mkati mwa gawo loyambira.Izi zimawonjezera kusinthasintha kwa mapangidwe, kuchepetsa nthawi yoyambira, & imathandizira msika wamalonda.
Kusintha kwamapulogalamu - Zolinga zimasinthidwa pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku Prototyping mpaka yaying'ono & sipadera.Ndiwothandiza makamaka m'ma projekiti omwe amafunikira ntchito zapadera - komwe kumapangitsa kuti dera lophatikizidwa (iC) silingathe.Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala awo kumapindulitsa magawo ngati maoto, makompyuta amagetsi, & ma telefoni.
Kusamalira zovuta pakati - Ngakhale othandiza pang'ono pakati pa zovuta zapakatikati, gals sayenererana ndi njira zovuta kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zida zam'madzi monga FPGAS.Uku ndikofunikira kuganizira kwa opanga opanga ma polojekiti & zofunikira.
Zida Zokwanira - Masamba amabwera ndi zida zosiyanasiyana zachitukuko - HDLS, yofunikira pakukonzekera, kuyerekezera, & kutsimikizika kwa kayendedwe ka kagulu ka GLA.Zida izi zimalimbikitsa njira yachitukuko.Chifukwa chake, kuwonetsetsa kuti mwachita bwino komanso luso la kupanga zida zamagetsi.
Magetsi ochepera - Yodziwika ndi kumwa pansi pamagetsi, gals ndiopindulitsa mu mapulogalamu okhudzana ndi magetsi.Amalimbikitsa kukonzanso kwamphamvu komanso kufalikira kwanthawi yantchito muzovala za batire.
Chithunzi patsamba 3: Gawo Logikitsira la Digital Liging pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo cha Plol16V8
Genera Array Wogic (Gal) zida zapamwamba zapamwamba & gwiritsidwira ntchito zovuta zomwe zikuchitika zimawonekera m'mapulogalamu otsatirawa:
Gals amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kapangidwe ka digito ya digito & amagwira ntchito zovuta zomwe kale zidafunikira zida zingapo zoyenera.Lusoli limalola kuti mapangidwe azithunzi ochulukirapo & abwino, kuchepetsa mapangidwe a chipangizocho & kulimbikitsa magwiridwe antchito.Ma programmabistanmabibudawa amathandizanso kugwiritsa ntchito ma projekiti ambiri popanda kufufuza kwakukulu, mtengo wotsika ndi kuchuluka kwa mapangidwe.Opanga amatha kukhazikitsa mwachangu mofulumira.
Mu chitukuko cha Prototype, Gis amapereka zabwino ndi chipongwe chawo ndi chipongwe chawo.Kusintha kumeneku kumathandizira kuzungulira kwa prototype, kulola kuyesa mwachangu kwa magwiridwe antchito & kumayambiriro kwa msika wa matekisiki atsopano.Zosinthira za Gils ndizofunikira kwa opanga makonda ndikuwongolera mapangidwe awo.
Gals amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera makina omwe amayendetsa makina, magalimoto, & zida zina zovuta.Kuchita bwino komanso kudalirika kwa mafakitale monga kupanga ndi kupanga kwaulere, pomwe ngakhale zolakwika zazing'ono zimatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zake.
Zakudya ndizothandiza pamayendedwe ozungulira kwa magulu omwe amafunikira kutsatira njira zotsatizana, monga zolumikizana ndi mafayilo apadera.Kutha kwawo kukhalabe ndi nthawi yambiri kumathandizanso kukhala ukwati, komwe ndikofunikira kuti chimvetsetse.
Mu gawo lagalimotoKutha kwawo kuthana ndi zovuta zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito zikhale zozizwitsa zamagetsi zamagetsi, zimafunikira kulimba komanso kugwira ntchito kwambiri.Gass amawonjezera magwiridwe antchito agalimoto & okwera.
Gals amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagetsi amagetsi, kuphatikiza zida zapakhomo ndi zotonza zamasewera.Amasintha magwiridwe antchito pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito zosiyanasiyana.Chifukwa chake, tsimikizani bwino kwambiri ndikuphatikiza mawonekedwe apadera.Kusinthasintha & magwiridwe antchito a gal amayendetsa mosalekeza m'magetsi ambiri.
Pa matelefoni, gals moyenera rote zojambula & kusamalira magalimoto.Mapulogalamu awo amalola kusintha kwa ma protocols osiyanasiyana & siginecha yosasintha, kuthandizira kulumikizana kwa ma intaneti.
Mu mafakitale olimbitsa thupi, zowongolera za gals ndikungopanga mizere yopanga, mikono yachabe, ndi njira zina zokha.Kudalirika kwawo kumathandizanso kukhala opindulitsa ndikusintha momwe makonda opangira.
Chithunzi 4: FPGA Bassics
FPGAS ndiovuta kwambiri kuposa mtundu wa generic (gal).Imakhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya zipata zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.Izi zimalola FPGAS kuti igwire mapangidwe ophatikizika kwambiri & kuphatikiza kwakukulu, kuthekera kwa zinthu zophweka za gals sizikugwirizana.KomansoMosiyana ndi zimenezo, gals, ndi mapangidwe awo omanga & ochepa obwezeretsanso, amayenerera ntchito zowongoka.Zomanga zapamwamba za FPGgas zimapangitsanso ntchito zapamwamba komanso zowonjezera pamapulogalamu apamwamba, poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa gal.Komabe, FPGAS nthawi zambiri imabwera ndi mtengo wapamwamba & kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zazikulu kwambiri, zikuwonetsa kuthekera kwawo.Pomwe Gals Gls amapereka njira yothandiza kwambiri komanso yothandiza kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito zosavuta pomwe mtengo & mphamvu ndiyofunika kuziganizira.
Chithunzi 5: Ntchito ya CPLSS
CPLSS Brige Gap pakati pa gals & fpgas, akupereka zovuta kwambiri kuposa gals koma ochepera kuposa FPGAS.Amapereka zofunikira zambiri mkati mwa zomangamanga zina.CPLS imatha kusamalira ntchito zingapo zovuta nthawi imodzi mothamanga kuposa kabulu - zimapangitsa kuti akhale oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zochulukirapo.Ngakhale akugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri kuposa mabulale, ma cpls ndi mphamvu zambiri kuposa FPGAS, kupereka njira yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.Izi zimapangitsa ma cpls abwino pazomwe zimaposa zovuta za gals koma osafuna ndalama zambiri zowonjezera za FPGAS, zoyenera kukhala ndi zingwe zapakatikati.
Chithunzi 6: Pulogalamu ya Pulogalamu ya Pulogalamu Yapamwamba (Pal)
Makina a Pulogalamu Yapamwamba (pal) zida nthawi zambiri pamakhala nthawi yayitali yomwe imalepheretsa kusintha kwawo popeza sangayanjanenso kamodzi.Izi zimapangitsa mapu oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta pomwe mapangidwe a madera safuna kusintha.Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, gal, gwiritsani ntchito zilankhulo za madongosolo, perekani luso logwiritsa ntchito & sinthani masitepe olakwika olakwika chifukwa cha makonzedwe angapo.Izi zimawonjezera kugwirizanitsa kwawo m'magulu okhala ndi madongosolo omwe kuyenera kuyenera kukwaniritsidwa.Zotsatira zake, ma puls amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pantchito zofunika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale zovuta, pomwe gals imatha kugwira mapangidwe ovuta chifukwa cha chilengedwe chawo.Izi zimawalola kusintha limodzi ndi zofuna zina.
Chithunzi 7: Pulogalamu Yotsimikizira Zolemba (mazira)
Pulogalamu yolondola (ma plas) imapereka kusinthasintha kwa onse komanso kapena kapena zipata zomwe zimaposa makonzedwe okhazikika ndi makonzedwe ake.Monga magwero, mazira nthawi zambiri nthawi zambiri amatsatira nthawi yawo.Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, gals imatha kupanga kangapo, kupereka kusinthasintha kosintha monga zofuna za polojekiti zimasinthika.Magudumu ali ndi mwayi wofunsira ntchito zokonda kwambiri komanso zolumikizira.Ngakhale osasinthika kuposa mazira, gals amagwirabe ntchito pazofunikira zovuta koma mapulogalamu olakwika.Gals amapereka yankho lothandiza pamachitidwe ambiri osafuna kuchuluka kwambiri kwachitukuko.
Makina a generic (Agal) a zida amapereka zabwino zambiri mu kapangidwe kadera.Poyerekeza ndi mfundo zamitundu yamiyambo (pal), ma gal, ma galloces amapezeka ndi ukadaulo wawo wapamwamba ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba.
Zipangizo zothetsera zamagetsi ndi zosinthidwa kangapo, mosiyana ndi matekinoloje okalamba omwe amalola kugwiritsa ntchito kamodzi kokha.Omangidwa ndi ukadaulo wa CMOS, ma galceces amatha kudutsa mizere yoposa 100 ndikupatseni opanga masinthidwe ambiri.Kulema kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti kukonzanso kwamagetsi kwapangidwe popanda kufunikira kusintha kwa makonda.Chifukwa chake, kuchepetsa zowononga & zovuta.Kubwezeretsanso kumeneku ndi kothandiza m'makampani amphamvu posintha mwaukadaulo nthawi zambiri.
Kutulutsa mawu a Macrocell kapangidwe ka zida za Galces kumalola kusinthasintha kwa mapangidwe apamagetsi.Kapangidwe kameneka kamatha kutsatsa zitsamba zosiyanasiyana za chipangizo cha pal, kupangitsa kuti gal imodzi kuti athetse ma tchipi angapo m'malo ovuta.Kusokoneza koteroko kumawonjezera zofunikira za Hardware, kumachepetsa mtengo, & kumachepetsa zovuta zina.Opanga dongosolo amatha kukonza mwamphamvu magwiridwe antchito & kugwiritsa ntchito mtengo, kusintha njira zosinthika zosavuta.Kusintha kumeneku ndikofunikira pakupanga mapangidwe aboma ndi mapulogalamu ofunikira magwiridwe antchito.
Zida zagal zimabwera ndi kuthekera koteteza katundu waluntha ndikupewa mwayi wosagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kubwereza.M'makampani opikisana kwambiri, chinthu chodzitchinjiriza ichi chimafunikira kuti musunge bwino msika.Pofuna kutetezedwa mwachindunji m'chipangizocho, gals amathandizira makampani amateteza ndalama zawo zachitukuko ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zojambula zawo zikhalebe.
Zipangizo zophatikizira malo osungirako za zamagetsi zomwe zingasungitse zikwangwani za chizindikiritso ndi zina zofunika.Izi ndizothandiza poyendetsa magawo akulu ndi zida zotsatila zonse zopanga & zogawa.Zolemba zamagetsi zimasintha bwino zotsogola, sinthani kutsatira njira zamakampani popanga zidziwitso za chipangizo mwazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosavuta & zosonyeza.
Gals amapereka bwino mphamvu zamphamvu poyerekeza ndi zida zovuta kwambiri.Mphamvu zawo zotsika zophatikizira zimapindulitsa ntchito zamagetsi, zomwe zimathandizira kuti mukhale ndi moyo wautali mu zida zonyamula ndikuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa matenthedwe.Kuchita bwino kumeneku kumapangitsa chitsimikizo cha ma Galvanrice & bwino kwambiri kutalika kwa zinthu zomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Pomwe generaic array (Gal) zidapereka phindu pazogwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, zimakumananso ndi zofooka zina zomwe zingakhudze ntchito zawo zofunikira kapena zapamwamba.
Kupanikizika kochepa ndi kuwulutsa - Zipangizo zagalasi zimakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa ma cell ang'onoang'ono & kulowetsedwa / kutulutsa zikhomo, kuchepetsa zovuta zomwe angasamale zomwe angathe kuzisamalira.Kulereraku Kumalepheretsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makina Opatukana Ma digito amafunikira ntchito zochulukirapo kapena kuchitira chipongwe.Pazitsulo zolimba zokhudzana ndi zolimbitsa thupi, opanga angafunike kugwiritsa ntchito zida zingapo kapena kusinthana ndi zida zoyenga bwino ngati CPLS kapena FPGAS.Izi zitha kufooketsa mapangidwe ndi kuwonjezeka mitengo ndi nthawi yokhazikika ngati zovuta komanso chiwerengero cha zinthu zimakula.
Kutha Kosatha - Zida zambiri sizikugwirizana ndi liwiro la ntchito zapamwamba kwambiri chifukwa cha zofooka za majenti ndi zovuta zomwe zimachitika ndi zinthu zawo.Pazogwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri monga makanema ogulitsa makanema kapena malonda apamwamba, pang'onopang'ono, amatha kukakamiza opanga kusankha njira zina, zomwe zitha kukhala zodula mtengo koma zimatha kukwaniritsa zothamanga.
Kusamala kwamphamvu kumakhudza - Ngakhale kuti gals ndi othandiza kwambiri kuposa fpgas, mwina sangakhale ngati mphamvu zochulukirapo, mitengo yotsika mtengo kapena mabwalo otsika kapena madera odzipereka omwe amakonzedwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito magetsi.
Muzogwiritsidwa ntchito monga zida zonyamula kapena batri yogwira ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwambiri kwa gal kumatha kukhala kovuta komanso komwe kumakhudza magwiridwe antchito & ndalama.
Kubwezeretsanso Zofooka - Ngakhale kuti gals akukonzanso, ali ndi chiwerengero chambiri chazomwe zimangotsala pang'ono kuvala zolakwika zomwe zingachitike.
M'magulu amphamvu amafunikira zosintha ndi zosintha, monga R & D, zomwe zimacheperako kwa galKuchepetsa ntchito yamoyo yothandiza & mtengo wa gals.
Zoopsa - Kupita patsogolo mwachangu m'matumba a Pllds ngati CPLS & FPGAS, mosalekeza bwino mu magwiridwe antchito & okwera mtengo, kuwopseza kufunika kwa maluso agalono.Izi zitha kutsika kupezeka ndi chithandizo cha matekinolonomini, ndikupanga zovuta zoyambitsa zida zoyambitsa, ndikupeza chithandizo chaukadaulo, ndikupeza zida zogwirizana ndi mapulogalamu ogwirizana.Izi zitha kuletsa ogwiritsa ntchito atsopano & kukankha omwe alipo kuti asinthike mpaka m'magulu ambiri.
Zovuta Zokhala Ndi Mapangidwe Abwino - Chifukwa cha kuthekera kochepa, gals kumabweretsa zovuta pamene mapangidwe anzeru kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zazikulu, zomwe zidaphatikizidwa.Kwa mapulojekiti ofunikira chiwopsezo chachikulu, omwe angafune kusintha njira ngati FPGAS kapena System-pa chip (akhoza kuthana ndi zovuta zambiri popanda kuphatikizidwa ndi zigawenga.
Magawo a generic arrac (Gal) ndizabwino kwa ntchito zamagetsi zambiri chifukwa amatha kukhala okonzedwa nthawi zambiri, ndi okwera mtengo, & ndi abwino kuchilengedwe.Ngakhale ndi othandiza kwambiri pantchito zosiyanasiyana, amakhala ndi malire pakugwiritsa ntchito njira zovuta kwambiri.Komabe, gals ndiofunikirabe kwambiri kuti apange chilichonse kuchokera kwa nthawi yosavuta kupita ku makina ovuta agalimoto ndi zida zoyankhulirana.Ngakhale ternology imasungabe kusintha, gals amatenga nawo mbali masiku ano, makamaka ngati kusunga mphamvu kumafunikira.Kudziwa zomwe gals angathandizenso kupanga opanga kupanga zisankho zabwino pamakompyuta.
Makina a generic arrac (Gal) kupereka mapulogalamu, mosiyana ndi madera okhazikika omwe amangokhala ndi ntchito zina.Pulogalamuyi imathandizira gal imodzi kuti isinthe zida zingapo zolondola.Chifukwa chake, kupulumutsa malo ndikuchepetsa zovuta zomwe zimayambitsa magetsi.
Zida za mapulogalamu ena zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zilankhulo za Hardrare ngati Vhdl kapena Verlog.Mapulogalamu Alembe Nambala Kutanthauzira Ntchito Zofunikira za Gal.Khodiyi ikuphatikizidwa ndikukweza ku Gals kudzera pa chipangizo cha mapulogalamu.Njirayi imayambitsa mkati komanso kapena kapena kapena kapena kapena kapena kapena kapena kapena zipata mkati mwa agalasi kuti apereke ntchito zomwe mwasankhazo.
Zipangizo zamagetsi zimapangidwira ntchito zama digito & sizoyenera ntchito za Analog.Amatha kusamalira digito kudzera pazipata za mapulogalamu omwe sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopitilira muyeso zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito ma analog.
Zipangizo zagal zimagwiritsa ntchito ma conrry furry kuti muteteze zolakwa zosavomerezeka kapena kubwereza.Screrypt imawonetsetsa kuti anthu ovomerezeka okha omwe amatha kupeza kapena kusintha makonzedwe agalasiwo, potero amateteza kapangidwe.
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